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HEXAGRAM 15 / UPPER CANON

謙 Qiān

Modesty

Labor and leadership · Lowering oneself in action

01 / THE EARLY TEXT

The words themselves.

An interpretive English translation. Read the translation notes. Six and nine name line types; positions run from bottom to top.

  1. 謙:亨,君子有終。

    Qian: Success. The noble person brings things to completion.

  2. 初六:謙謙君子,用涉大川,吉。

    Six at the beginning: A modest, modest noble person. Used in crossing the great river: auspicious.

  3. 六二:鳴謙,貞吉。

    Six in the second place: Modesty expressed aloud. The determination is auspicious.

  4. 九三:勞謙君子,有終吉。

    Nine in the third place: A noble person modest in labor. There is completion. Auspicious.

  5. 六四:无不利,撝謙。

    Six in the fourth place: Nothing is unfavorable. Exercising modesty.

  6. 六五:不富,以其鄰,利用侵伐,无不利。

    Six in the fifth place: Without wealth, with one's neighbors. Favorable to invade and attack; nothing is unfavorable.

  7. 上六:鳴謙,利用行師,征邑國。

    Six at the top: Modesty expressed aloud. Favorable to deploy the army and campaign against a settlement or state.

02 / A POSSIBLE CONTEXT

What might the question have been?

Is a restrained approach useful when undertaking labor, presiding over a rite, or leading troops?

A possible setting

A leader works personally, calls others together, and may campaign against a settlement. Modesty is situated in forms of labor and command rather than presented only as an abstract virtue.

How the words respond

The first line favors a river crossing. The third joins labor to a successful ending. The fifth allows cooperation with neighbors despite a lack of wealth and favors punitive action. The final line explicitly mentions troops and a campaign.

READING THREAD

Labor, publicly expressed modesty, and command give the repeated word qian a range of practical settings.

This scenario adapts the Chinese edition's historical reading. It is a possible reconstruction, not an established single event or the only interpretation.