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HEXAGRAM 02 / UPPER CANON

坤 Kūn

Earth

Travel and companions · The mare and the journey

01 / THE EARLY TEXT

The words themselves.

An interpretive English translation. Read the translation notes. Six and nine name line types; positions run from bottom to top.

  1. 坤:元亨。利牝馬之貞。

    Kun: Great success. Favorable is the determination concerning a mare.

  2. 君子有攸往,先迷後得主。

    The noble person has somewhere to go. At first lost; afterward finding a master.

  3. 利西南得朋,東北喪朋。安貞,吉。

    Favorable: gaining companions in the southwest, losing companions in the northeast. A determination for remaining settled: auspicious.

  4. 初六:履霜,堅冰至。

    Six at the beginning: Treading on frost; hard ice is coming.

  5. 六二:直方大,不習无不利。

    Six in the second place: Straight, square, and great. Without practice, nothing is unfavorable.

  6. 六三:含章,可貞。或從王事,无成有終。

    Six in the third place: Keeping one's distinction within. A determination may be made. Perhaps serving the king: no achievement of one's own, yet a completion.

  7. 六四:括囊,无咎无譽。

    Six in the fourth place: Tie the sack. Neither blame nor praise.

  8. 六五:黃裳,元吉。

    Six in the fifth place: A yellow lower garment. Great good fortune.

  9. 上六:龍戰于野,其血玄黃。

    Six at the top: Dragons fight in the wild. Their blood is dark and yellow.

  10. 用六:利永貞。

    Use of the sixes: Favorable is a lasting determination.

02 / A POSSIBLE CONTEXT

What might the question have been?

Which direction should a journey take, who should travel together, and can the travelers return safely?

A possible setting

A caravan, marriage embassy, or migrating group prepares to leave its settlement. In the Chinese edition's reconstruction, the mare's return along familiar routes provides an image for direction, companionship, and a settled destination.

How the words respond

The judgment associates the southwest with gaining companions and the northeast with losing them. Frost anticipates harder conditions; tying the sack suggests restraint; dragons fighting in the open mark an escalation into conflict. This reading follows the journey, the group, and its changing risks.

READING THREAD

The mare, directions, companions, and settlement allow a concrete travel reading alongside later interpretations of receptivity.

This scenario adapts the Chinese edition's historical reading. It is a possible reconstruction, not an established single event or the only interpretation.